Brand names constitute a form of value for commercial products, because they suppose a savings of search costs for the consumer. The law, as a consequence, has the obligation to protect brand names. But the number of attractive brand names is not infinite and sometimes companies seek brand names which are reminiscent of others. In this article a conflict between two companies for the distinctiveness of two brand names is addressed: one Spanish company used the English common noun doughnut for (...) a product similar to the American pastry, while the other company had already registered donut as a brand name, in addition to its variants. This second company sued the first on the grounds that the names were not distinctive. Here we offer the arguments presented to the judge in defense of the distinctiveness of doughnut and the judgment. (shrink)

El nacionalismo es un fenómeno a la vez poliédrico y de contornos difusos. Hay, sin embargo, un conjunto de parecidos familiares que autorizan una aproximación desde el ángulo normativo. Estas páginas se centran en la vertiente oscura, arguyendo que las consecuencias de las políticas de corte nacionalista tienen que ver con un cierto número de factores que inciden en la acción colectiva que guardan relación con el tema de la identidad. Después de justificar el enfoque, se trata: 1. de ciertas (...) particularidades de la retórica nacionalista 2. del bajo coste relativo de la movilización desde el marco nacionalista y de la preponderancia de la variante étnica 3. del papel de las emociones negativas Unas consideraciones sobre las eventuales vías de salida cierran el artículo. (shrink)

Cognitive symptoms after COVID-19 have been increasingly recognized several months after the acute infection and have been designated as “brain fog.” We report a patient with cognitive symptoms that started immediately after COVID-19, in which cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were highly suggestive of Alzheimer’s disease. Our case highlights the need to examine patients with cognitive symptoms following COVID-19 comprehensively. A detailed assessment combining clinical, cognitive, and biomarker studies may help disentangle the underlying mechanisms associated with cognitive dysfunction in each case. The (...) investigation of neurodegenerative processes in an early stage, especially in older patients, is probably warranted. (shrink)

This paper examines undergraduate business students' perception of corporate social responsibility in cases in which they have not attended any specific course either dealing with CSR or providing training in ethics. A survey was conducted of 535 Spanish business students as future managers. The results show that the stakeholders' perspective deserves a huge attention for those students considering what the keys of business success are. Significant differences in perception were nevertheless identified when a multifactorial analysis was undertaken. Female students are (...) more concerned about CSR issues. The maximization of value for shareholders is less valued by second- and third-year students than by first-year ones. The findings point to a number of important orientations for the future development of university curriculum. (shrink)

The recruitment of respondents belonging to ethnic minorities poses important challenges in social and health research. This paper reflects on the enablers and barriers to recruitment that we encountered in our research work with persons belonging to ethnic minorities. Additionally, we applied the Matching Model of Recruitment, a theoretical framework concerning minority recruitment, to guide our reflection. We also explored its applicability as a research design tool. In assessing our research experience, we learned that minority recruitment in social and health (...) research is influenced by the social context of all key players involved in the research. Also, there are enablers and barriers within that social context facilitating or delaying the recruitment process. The main enablers to recruit respondents belonging to ethnic minorities include working with community agencies and gatekeepers who share a common vision with researchers and the latter’s ability to gain the trust of potential respondents. The main barriers include demanding too much from these same community agencies and gatekeepers and ignoring factors that could delay the completion of the research. Although we found the Matching Model of Recruitment to be an effective tool in assessing the processes of recruiting respondents belonging to ethnic minorities, further empirical research is needed to explore its usefulness during the research planning phase. (shrink)

Relational reasoning is a complex form of human cognition involving the evaluation of relations between mental representations of information. Prior studies have modified stimulus properties of relational reasoning problems and examined differences in difficulty between different problem types. While subsets of these stimulus properties have been addressed in separate studies, there has not been a comprehensive study, to our knowledge, which investigates all of these properties in the same set of stimuli. This investigative gap has resulted in different findings across (...) studies which vary in task design, making it challenging to determine what stimulus properties make relational reasoning—and the putative formation of mental models underlying reasoning—difficult. In this article, we present the Multidimensional Relational Reasoning Task, a task which systematically varied an array of stimulus properties within a single set of relational reasoning problems. Using a mixed-effects framework, we demonstrate that reasoning problems containing a greater number of the premises as well as multidimensional relations led to greater task difficulty. The MRRT has been made publicly available for use in future research, along with normative data regarding the relative difficulty of each problem. (shrink)

Hoerl & McCormack propose that animals learn sequences through an entrainment-like process, rather than tracking the temporal addresses of each event in a given sequence. However, past research suggests that animals form “temporal maps” of sequential events and also comprehend the concept of ordinal position. These findings suggest that a clarification or qualification of the authors’ hypothesis is needed.

El TEDH se ha servido de los criterios de interpretación evolutivo y sistemático en la interpretación del CEDH, que le han permitido desarrollar una jurisprudencia sobre el derecho a la eutanasia en la que reconoce un amplio margen de apreciación a los Estados, por lo que es compatible con el CEDH tanto prohibir como permitir la eutanasia, siempre que el Estado garantice el derecho a la vida de las personas vulnerables. El Tribunal Constitucional español ha declarado la constitucionalidad de la (...) Ley Orgánica de regulación de la Eutanasia 3/2021, mediante una argumentación jurídica basada en la doctrina del TEDH. (shrink)

The US neutrino community gathered at the Workshop on the Intermediate Neutrino Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory February 4-6, 2015 to explore opportunities in neutrino physics over the next five to ten years. Scientists from particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics participated in the workshop. The workshop examined promising opportunities for neutrino physics in the intermediate term, including possible new small to mid-scale experiments, US contributions to large experiments, upgrades to existing experiments, R&D plans and theory. The workshop was organized into (...) two sets of parallel working group sessions, divided by physics topics and technology. Physics working groups covered topics on Sterile Neutrinos, Neutrino Mixing, Neutrino Interactions, Neutrino Properties and Astrophysical Neutrinos. Technology sessions were organized into Theory, Short-Baseline Accelerator Neutrinos, Reactor Neutrinos, Detector R&D and Source, Cyclotron and Meson Decay at Rest sessions.This report summarizes discussion and conclusions from the workshop. (shrink)

Firm managers play an important role in the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions. Education is emerging as the key factor in developing a sense of moral responsibility amongst the business students who will eventually become company managers and decision makers. The aim of this research is, thus, twofold. First, to analyze the existence of a direct positive correlation between university students’ perception of CSR and its impact on business performance; and second, to examine the extent to which two (...) factors (advantages brought by CSR and responsibilities toward stakeholders) act as mediation variables in the aforementioned correlation. The analysis was performed with a sample of 390 business‐related university students. Amongst the potential contributions made by this study we can highlight the possibility of knowing future managers’ way of thinking and of knowing the aspects where educational centers might improve their CSR teaching. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se centra en la ética de la IA y en los principios que la inspiran. Antes de las normas que regulan la IA es necesario conocer las cuestiones éticas relacionadas con el desarrollo, la implementación y el uso responsable de los sistemas de IA. El concurso de estos fundamentos éticos es necesario para proteger los derechos y la dignidad de las personas, garantizar la equidad en el acceso y tratamiento de datos, minimizar los sesgos y riesgos asociados (...) con los algoritmos, promover la transferencia en las decisiones automatizadas y auspiciar la confiabilidad en la tecnología, el beneficio humano y el bienestar social.También se propone el estudio de la ética de la IA desde un punto de vista omnicomprensivo que integre tanto la ética aplicada como la metaética de la IA. (shrink)

El moro de José Zorrilla se distingue de otros moros de la literatura que podrían considerarse más convencionales. Se ha notado por críticos como Narciso Alonso Cortés que otros autores románticos de la época crearon moros más parecidos a "muñecos," artificiosos. En contraste, el moro de Zorrilla, inspirado por los personajes de Víctor Hugo (Les Orientales), era siempre un hombre de carne y hueso que correspondía a su realidad. Se percibe en los Orientales (1837) del poeta las huellas (...) verdaderas de la España árabe. Por medio de una magia verbal, el poeta había creado su mundo fantástico mientras que dibujara perfectamente unos personajes llenos de color, vida y pasión. Zorrilla era un observador habilísimo y por eso, cuando encontró algo digno de nota, escribió sobre los pueblos, personajes y costumbres de esa España granadina. Sería fácil entender cómo el poeta podía notar aun más detalles que suelen subir a la superficie. Puede notarse en sus Orientales, no sólo lo exótico, sino las características principales de sus primeros moros dibujados tan cuida-dosamente. En mi estudio, examino el desarrollo del moro típico de José Zorrilla en comparación con el de Hugo, comenzando con su primera apariencia en Oriental (de los gomeles). El moro quiere poseer a la cristi¬ana que intenta robar mientras que guarde su orgullo varonil. Este rasgo lo distingue de otro tipo de moro que se considera "esclavo" de la cristiana en Dueña de la negra toca. El papel del moro sigue transformándose en el poema Granada (1852). (shrink)

For the philosopher of Rotterdam, religious coercion has two essential sources of illegitimacy: the linking of religious and ecclesiastical belief and the use of politics for religious purposes. Bayle responds to it, with his doctrine of freedom of conscience, on one hand and by means of the essential distinction between voluntary religious affiliation and political obligation, on the other hand. From my perspective, his doctrine of tolerance does not involve an atheist state, nor does it mean the rejection of the (...) presence of religion in the public space or its displacement to the intimate sphere of the conscience. This paper proposes a reading of Baylean tolerance as a political doctrine that allows the articulation between freedom of conscience, minority confessions, and official religion. Thus, the Baylean theoretical model could be considered a proposal to provide a normative form to the practice of toleration present in the seventeenth -century Netherlands. (shrink)

Recent studies have problematized on the lack of agreement between self-reported and proxied data in the field of road safety-related behaviors. Overall, and although these studies are still scarce, most of them suggest that the way we perceive our own road behavior is systematically different from the perspective from which we perceive others' behavior, and vice versa. The aim of this review paper was to target the number and type of studies that have researched the behavioral perceptions of different groups (...) of road users, contrasting self-reported behavioral data with those reported by other users, and their outcomes. This systematic review followed the PRISMA methodology, which allows for the identification of relevant articles based on the research term. A total number of 222 indexed articles were filtered, and a final selection of 19 articles directly addressing the issue was obtained. Search strategies were developed and conducted in MEDLINE, WOS, Scopus and APA databases. It is remarkable how road users perceive themselves as behaviorally “safer” than the rest of road users in what concerns the knowledge of traffic norms and their on-road performance. In addition, and regardless of the type of user used as a source, self-reported data suggest their perceived likelihood to suffer a traffic crash is lesser if compared to any other user. On the other hand, proxied reports tend to undervalue third users' performance, and to perceive riskier behaviors and crash-related risks among them. The outputs of this systematic review support the idea that the perception of road users' behavior and its related risks substantially differ according to the source. It is also necessary to increase the number, coverage and rigor of studies on this matter, perhaps through complementary and mixed measures, in order to properly understand and face the bias on road users' risk-related behaviors. (shrink)

Filosofía de la historia, Juan Bautista Vico.--Consideraciones sobre el cristianismo.--Antecedentes para la inteligencia de la cuestión de Oriente.--Discurso acerca de las relaciones de España con otras potencias.--Discurso sobre la dictadura.--Cartas relacionadas con el discurso sobre la dictadura.--Discurso sobre la situación general de Europa.--Discurso sobre la situación de España.

Queda por determinar si lo que prevalecerá será una Venezuela unida en la diversidad o una dividida y presumiblemente destruida. Este artículo sugiere que las élites políticas venezolanas podrían contemplar el poder compartido como un medio para restaurar el Estado-nación. El artículo profundiza en los retos y las perspectivas de adoptar el poder compartido como estrategia de las élites no sólo para el mantenimiento de la paz, sino también, y de manera crucial, para los procesos de pacificación. Partiendo de una (...) evaluación general de la democracia venezolana, identifica los factores que pueden obstaculizar la democracia consociacional. A continuación, el artículo analiza los elementos sociopolíticos que favorecen la autocracia y la partitocracia, antes de discutir los retos y oportunidades actuales del poder compartido. Destaca el papel de las élites venezolanas y el persistente problema de la no-circulación de las élites como factores críticos en el actual estancamiento político. Además, explora la relación entre democracia, construcción del Estado y el impacto de la autocratización. (shrink)

This article offers a brief critical summary of our Populism(s) project to date, and introduces Thesis Eleven readers to the articles edited in this Special Issue. We comment on significant recent developments on populism scholarship, and reflect about the most recent developments currently taking place and their (potential) impact on current populism research.

For most interpreters of the philosopher from Rotterdam, his political doctrine is solely a consequence of his religious and moral doctrines, and so an image of Bayle as a political philosopher is not usually presented. To my mind, however, only by analyzing his political doctrine can the extent of his religious proposal be understood. In this article, I intend to show that both the Baylean criticism of popular sovereignty and his rejection of the right of resistance are analyses that are (...) indissociable from the Baylean doctrine of tolerance. The protection of individual freedom of conscience and the defense of a multi-confessional state model, tolerant regarding religious minorities, can only be articulated as historical reality if they rest on the political doctrine of indivisible sovereignty and on the strictest separation between political obedience and religious membership. (shrink)

The state of debates around the topic of `populism' has made clear the difficulties that exist to provide a coherent definition of the concept. There is much to be argued from historical, epistemological, comparative and sociological perspectives that may provide clarity to the uses of the term. As the world meets new scenarios of uncommon styles of doing politics and the themes of ideological polarization and social segregation take hold, the question about the value of `populism' as a theoretical tool (...) needs to be met with an affirmative stance that delineates its principal characteristics. The present text introduces the reader to four new perspectives that serve such a purpose and locates them among the relevant contemporary literature. (shrink)